El Greco Paintings

El Greco Paintings

Doménikos Theotokópoulos (1541 – 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco (Spanish for “The Greek”), was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. The nickname “El Greco” refers both to his Greek origin and Spanish citizenship.

The artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos), often adding the word Κρής (Krēs, “Cretan”).

During the Spanish Renaissance, one man named El Greco served as the primary influence of painters to come, with his contributions in the fields of Cubism and Expressionism. For thousands of years, not even one artist came close to his style of painting and sculpture, and even up to this day, most people have consulted for his techniques that combine those of Western style painting and Byzantine culture.

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El Greco biography

El Greco art

El Greco facts

El Greco paintings

El Greco quotes

El Greco biography

This world-renowned artist faced many trials and hardships, especially during his start of his artistic career and until several years after his death, but it was not too long after that many artists started appreciating his works of art.

El Greco was born as Doménikos Theotokópoulos in 1541 to his father Geórgios Theotokópoulos, a tax collector and merchant in his time, and his Greek mother, who has remained somewhat of a mystery even today. The family belonged to the middle class and lived in a village on Chania, Crete, but the uprising against the Venetians some time between 1526 and 1528 led them to move away to Candia afterwards. Even in his childhood, young El Greco showed huge interest and talent in the field of art, and became enthusiastic in taking up training as an icon painter and studying the cultures of Ancient Greece and Latin traditions and culture in a Cretan school, which was the main source of post-Byzantine style of painting that time. It is important to note that Candia was actually the famous center of art that time where the combination of Western and Eastern cultures thrived, and this was also the place where numerous painters gathered to form a painters’ guild.

In June of 1566, after three years, he officially signed his name as “Master Menégos Theotokópoulos, painter” as a witness to a contract. After some time, he decided to continue his career in Venice, where a friend he met there named Croatian Giulio Clovio even recognized him as a “rare talent in painting.” During his time there, instead of staying with the usual trends, El Greco sought to invent uncommon interpretations to topics about religion, using a style that highlights elongated figures, multi-figured compositions, vibrant lighting, and chromatic framework. In 1570, he eventually went to Rome in order to hone his skills further.

It was during his stay in Rome that he discovered a new technique while he was sitting in a dark room, wherein he observed that the darkness disturbed his “inner light” and that it was more interesting than the light of the day itself. This new thought sparked new interest, and this was evident in his works that were full with strange Mannerism techniques like twisted and intense gestures and violent vanishing points. During his stay, he praised some artists, but he made harsh criticisms on some like Michelangelo, which he referred to as a “good man who did not know how to paint.” Due to his obnoxious nature, he has gained attention from other artists as well, who did not like his attitude.

In 1577, he soon went to Madrid and then to Toledo to create most of his mature work. Unlike his stay in Rome where he was disgustingly criticized by most art critics, he regained a huge reputation in Toledo where he contributed world-renowned paintings like the El Espolio and nine paintings to complete The Trinity and The Assumption of the Virgin in the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo. His aim that time was to gain the interest of King Philip II, but unfortunately he was not happy with his works due to a few reasons which included being uncomfortable with the inclusion of living bodies in a religious artwork or the violation of the Counter-Reformation rule wherein the content was more prominent than the style. Because of the King’s disapproval, El Greco was forced to remain in Toledo to form contracts and commissions and accept numerous works to earn a living.

His works of art remained as the sole inspiration of most painters including Pablo Picasso. All his paintings came from his beliefs about the dominance of imagination over the subjective character of creation, the rules of measure and proportion, the elegance of elongated figures, the emphasis on the “inner light,” the importance of grace in art, and the fact that color was the most important element of painting, and even emphasized the importance of retouching. His paintings gave a more profound feel of dramatization instead of description, and his powerful religious emotions are well portrayed in paintings such as The Disrobing of Christ, which was considered as one of his most important creations. Other than his evident works, he was an excellent portraitist, architect and sculptor.

On April 1614, he died after contracting a fatal disease. On March 31, his will instructed his son to write his will. However, his posthumous legacy remained as the sole driving purpose for more artists to come.

El Greco art

Early life and works

Because Crete, his homeland, was then a Venetian possession and he was a Venetian citizen, he decided to go to Venice to study. The exact year in which this took place is not known; but speculation has placed the date anywhere from 1560, when he was 19, to 1566. In Venice he entered the studio of Titian, who was the greatest painter of the day. Knowledge of El Greco’s years in Italy is limited. A letter of November 16, 1570, written by Giulio Clovio, an illuminator in the service of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, requested lodging in the Palazzo Farnese for “a young man from Candia, a pupil of Titian.” On July 8, 1572, “the Greek painter” is mentioned in a letter sent from Rome by a Farnese official to the same cardinal. Shortly thereafter, on September 18, 1572, “Dominico Greco” paid his dues to the guild of St. Luke in Rome. How long the young artist remained in Rome is unknown, because he may have returned to Venice, about 1575–76, before he left for Spain.

The certain works painted by El Greco in Italy are completely in the Venetian Renaissance style of the 16th century. They show no effect of his Byzantine heritage except possibly in the faces of old men—for example, in the Christ Healing the Blind. The placing of figures in deep space and the emphasis on an architectural setting in High Renaissance style are particularly significant in his early pictures, such as Christ Cleansing the Temple. The first evidence of El Greco’s extraordinary gifts as a portraitist appears in Italy in a portrait of Giulio Clovio and Vincentio Anastagi.

Middle years

El Greco first appeared in Spain in the spring of 1577, initially at Madrid, later in Toledo. One of his main reasons for seeking a new career in Spain must have been knowledge of Philip II’s great project, the building of the monastery of San Lorenzo at El Escorial, some 26 miles (42 km) northwest of Madrid. Moreover, the Greek must have met important Spanish churchmen in Rome through Fulvio Orsini, a humanist and librarian of the Palazzo Farnese. It is known that at least one Spanish ecclesiastic who spent some time in Rome at this period—Luis de Castilla—became El Greco’s intimate friend and was eventually named one of the two executors of his last testament. Luis’ brother, Diego de Castilla, gave El Greco his first commission in Spain, which possibly had been promised before the artist left Italy.

In 1578 Jorge Manuel, the painter’s only son, was born at Toledo, the offspring of Doña Jerónima de Las Cuevas. She appears to have outlived El Greco, and, although he acknowledged both her and his son, he never married her. That fact has puzzled all writers, because he mentioned her in various documents, including his last testament. It may be that El Greco had married unhappily in his youth in Crete or Italy and therefore could not legalize another attachment.

For the rest of his life El Greco continued to live in Toledo, busily engaged on commissions for the churches and monasteries there and in the province. He became a close friend of the leading humanists, scholars, and churchmen. Antonio de Covarrubias, a classical scholar and son of the architect Alonso de Covarrubias, was a friend whose portrait he painted. Fray Hortensio Paravicino, the head of the Trinitarian order in Spain and a favourite preacher of Philip II of Spain, dedicated four sonnets to El Greco, one of them recording his own portrait by the artist. Luis de Góngora y Argote, one of the major literary figures of the late 16th century, composed a sonnet to the tomb of the painter. Another writer, Don Pedro de Salazar de Mendoza, figured among the most intimate circle of El Greco’s entourage.

The inventories compiled after his death confirm the fact that he was a man of extraordinary culture—a true Renaissance humanist. His library, which gives some idea of the breadth and range of his interests, included works of the major Greek authors in Greek, numerous books in Latin, and others in Italian and in Spanish: Plutarch’s Lives, Petrarch’s poetry, Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, the Bible in Greek, the proceedings of the Council of Trent, and architectural treatises by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Giacomo da Vignola, Leon Battista Alberti, Andrea Palladio, and Sebastiano Serlio. El Greco himself prepared an edition of Vitruvius, accompanied by drawings, but the manuscript is lost.

In 1585 and thereafter El Greco lived in the large, late-medieval palace of the Marqués de Villena. Although it is near the site of the now-destroyed Villena Palace, the museum in Toledo called the Casa y Museo del Greco (“Home and Museum of El Greco”) was never his residence. It can be assumed that he needed space for his atelier more than for luxurious living. In 1605 the palace was listed by the historian Francisco de Pisa as one of the handsomest in the city; it was not a miserable ruined structure, as some romantic writers have presumed. El Greco surely lived in considerable comfort, even though he did not leave a large estate at his death.

“Assumption of the Virgin” El Greco’s first commission in Spain was for the high altar and the two lateral altars in the conventual church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo at Toledo (1577–79). Never before had the artist had a commission of such importance and scope. Even the architectural design of the altar frames, reminiscent of the style of the Venetian architect Palladio, was prepared by El Greco. The painting for the high altar, Assumption of the Virgin, also marked a new period in the artist’s life, revealing the full extent of his genius. The figures are brought close into the foreground, and in the Apostles a new brilliance of colour is achieved. The technique remains Venetian in the laying on of the paint and in the liberal use of white highlights; yet the intensity of the colours and the manipulation of contrasts, verging on dissonance, is distinctly El Greco. For the first time, the importance of his assimilation of the art of Michelangelo comes to the fore, particularly in the painting of the Trinity, in the upper part of the high altar, where the powerful sculpturesque body of the nude Christ leaves no doubt of the ultimate source of inspiration. In the lateral altar painting of the Resurrection, the poses of the standing soldiers and the contrapposto (a position in which the upper and lower parts of the body are contrasted in direction) of those asleep are also clearly Michelangelesque in inspiration.

At the same time, El Greco created another masterpiece of extraordinary originality—the Espolio (Disrobing of Christ). In designing the composition vertically and compactly in the foreground he seems to have been motivated by the desire to show the oppression of Christ by his cruel tormentors. He chose a method of space elimination that is common to middle and late 16th-century Italian painters known as Mannerists, and at the same time he probably recalled late Byzantine paintings in which the superposition of heads row upon row is employed to suggest a crowd. The original altar of gilded wood that El Greco designed for the painting has been destroyed, but his small sculptured group of the Miracle of St. Ildefonso still survives on the lower centre of the frame.

El Greco’s tendency to elongate the human figure becomes more notable at this time—for example, in the handsome and unrestored St. Sebastian. The same extreme elongation of body is also present in Michelangelo’s work, in the painting of the Venetians Tintoretto and Paolo Veronese, and in the art of the leading Mannerist painters. The increased slenderness of Christ’s long body against the dramatic clouds in Crucifixion with Donors foreshadows the artist’s late style.

El Greco’s connection with the court of Philip II was brief and unsuccessful, consisting first of the Allegory of the Holy League (Dream of Philip II; 1578–79) and second of the Martyrdom of St. Maurice (1580–82). The latter painting did not meet with the approval of the king, who promptly ordered another work of the same subject to replace it. Thus ended the great artist’s connection with the Spanish court. The king may have been troubled by the almost shocking brilliance of the yellows as contrasted to the ultramarine in the costumes of the main group of the painting, which includes St. Maurice in the centre. On the other hand, to the modern eye El Greco’s daring use of colour is particularly appealing. The brushwork remains Venetian in the way that the colour suggests form and in the free illusionistic and atmospheric creation of space.

The Burial of the Count de Orgaz (1586–88) is universally regarded as El Greco’s masterpiece. The supernatural vision of Gloria (“Heaven”) above and the impressive array of portraits represent all aspects of this extraordinary genius’s art. El Greco clearly distinguished between heaven and earth: above, heaven is evoked by swirling icy clouds, semiabstract in their shape, and the saints are tall and phantomlike; below, all is normal in the scale and proportions of the figures. According to the legend, Saints Augustine and Stephen appeared miraculously to lay the Count de Orgaz in his tomb as a reward for his generosity to their church. In golden and red vestments they bend reverently over the body of the count, who is clad in magnificent armour that reflects the yellow and reds of the other figures. The young boy at the left is El Greco’s son, Jorge Manuel; on a handkerchief in his pocket is inscribed the artist’s signature and the date 1578, the year of the boy’s birth. The men in contemporary 16th-century dress who attend the funeral are unmistakably prominent members of Toledan society. El Greco’s Mannerist method of composition is nowhere more clearly expressed than here, where all of the action takes place in the frontal plane.

Later life and works

“An Allegory (Fábula)” from 1590 until his death El Greco’s painterly output was prodigious. His pictures for the churches and convents of the Toledan region include the Holy Family with the Magdalen and the Holy Family with St. Anne. He repeated several times the Agony in the Garden, in which a supernatural world is evoked through strange shapes and brilliant, cold, clashing colours. The devotional theme of Christ Carrying the Cross is known in 11 originals by El Greco and many copies. El Greco depicted most of the major saints, often repeating the same composition: St. Dominic, Mary Magdalen, St. Jerome as cardinal, St. Jerome in penitence, and St. Peter in tears. St. Francis of Assisi, however, was by far the saint most favoured by the artist; about 25 originals representing St. Francis survive and, in addition, more than 100 pieces by followers. The most popular of several types was St. Francis and Brother Leo Meditating on Death.

Two major series (Apostolados) survive representing Christ and the Twelve Apostles in 13 canvases: one in the sacristy of Toledo Cathedral (1605–10) and another, unfinished set (1612–14) in the El Greco House and Museum at Toledo. The frontal pose of the Christ blessing in this series suggests a medieval Byzantine figure, although the colour and brushwork are El Greco’s personal handling of Venetian technique. In these works the devotional intensity of mood reflects the religious spirit of Roman Catholic Spain in the period of the Counter-Reformation. Although Greek by descent and Italian by artistic preparation, the artist became so immersed in the religious environment of Spain that he became the most vital visual representative of Spanish mysticism. Yet, because of the combination of these three cultures, he developed into an artist so individual that he belongs to no conventional school but is a lonely genius of unprecedented emotional power and imagination.

Several major commissions came El Greco’s way in the last 15 years of his life: three altars for the Chapel of San José, Toledo (1597–99); three paintings (1596–1600) for the Colegio de Doña María de Aragon, an Augustinian monastery in Madrid; and the high altar, four lateral altars, and the painting St. Ildefonso for the Hospital de la Caridad at Illescas (1603–05).

Extreme distortion of body characterizes El Greco’s last works—for example, the Adoration of the Shepherds, painted in 1612–14 for his own burial chapel. The brilliant, dissonant colours and the strange shapes and poses create a sense of wonder and ecstasy, as the shepherd and angels celebrate the miracle of the newly born child. In the unfinished Vision of St. John, El Greco’s imagination led him to disregard the laws of nature even more. The gigantic swaying figure of St. John the Evangelist, in abstractly painted icy-blue garments, reveals the souls of the martyrs who cry out for deliverance. In like manner, the figure of the Madonna in the Immaculate Conception (1607–14), originally in the Church of San Vicente, floats heavenward in a paroxysm of ecstasy supported by long, distorted angels. The fantastic view of Toledo below, abstractly rendered, is dazzling in its ghostly moonlit brilliance, and the clusters of roses and lilies, symbols of the Virgin’s purity, are unalloyed in their sheer beauty.

In his three surviving landscapes, El Greco demonstrated his characteristic tendency to dramatize rather than to describe. The View of Toledo (c. 1595) renders a city stormy, sinister, and impassioned with the same dark, foreboding clouds that appear in the background of his earlier Crucifixion with Donors. Painting in his studio, he rearranged the buildings depicted in the picture to suit his compositional purpose. View and Plan of Toledo (1610–14) is almost like a vision, all of the buildings painted glistening white. An inscription by the artist on the canvas explains quite fancifully that he had placed the Hospital of San Juan Bautista on a cloud in the foreground so that it could better be seen and that the map in the picture shows the streets of the city. At the left, a river god represents the Tagus, which flows around Toledo, a city built on rocky heights. Although El Greco had lived in Italy and in Rome itself, he rarely used such classical Roman motives.

The one picture by El Greco that has a mythological subject, so dear to most Renaissance artists, is the Laocoon (1610–14). For ancient Troy he substituted a view of Toledo, similar to the one just discussed, and he displayed little regard for classical tradition in painting the highly expressive but great, sprawling body of the priest.

Although El Greco was primarily a painter of religious subjects, his portraits, though less numerous, are equally high in quality. Two of his finest late works are the portraits of Fray Felix Hortensio Paravicino (1609) and Cardinal Don Fernando Niño de Guevara (c. 1600). Both are seated, as was customary after the time of Raphael in portraits presenting important ecclesiastics. Paravicino, a Trinitarian monk and a famous orator and poet, is depicted as a sensitive, intelligent man. The pose is essentially frontal, and the white habit and black cloak provide highly effective pictorial contrasts. Cardinal Niño de Guevara, in crimson robes, is almost electrical in his inherent energy, a man accustomed to command. El Greco’s portrait of Jeronimo de Cevallos (1605–10), on the other hand, is most sympathetic.

The work is half-length, painted thinly and limited to black and white. The huge ruff collar, then in fashion, enframes the kindly face. By such simple means, the artist created a memorable characterization that places him in the highest rank as a portraitist, along with Titian and Rembrandt.

His art was so personally and so highly individual that it could not survive his passing. Moreover, the new Baroque style of Caravaggio and of the Carracci soon supplanted the last surviving traits of 16th-century Mannerism.

El Greco facts

  • He is highly regarded as one of the greatest painters of all time due to his skill and innovative techniques utilized ahead of his time.
  • His real name is Domenikos Theotokopoulos, but Italians often referred to him as Il Greco or “the Greek” because his name was to hard to pronounce.
  • He was a devout Catholic and every one of his artworks reflects some religious influence or theme.
  • His most famously recognized painting is the The Burial of Count Orgaz
  • He lived and trained artistically in Italy with famed painter Titian before moving and settling down in Spain.
  • His highly expressionistic and realistic painting style puzzled his peers, but his brilliant work was later brought from obscurity by French impressionists in the 20th century.
  • He is most known for his unique painting style in which he often stretched his subjects and used strange color combinations to create interesting effects.
  • He was a sculptor, painter and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, but is mostly recognized as a masterful painter.

El Greco quotes

I paint because the spirits whisper madly inside my head.

I suffer for my art and despise the witless moneyed scoundrels who praise it.

The language of art is celestial in origin and can only be understood by the chosen.

It is only after years of struggle and deprivation that the young artist should touch color – and then only in the company of his betters.

Artists create out of a sense of desolation. The spirit of creation is a excruciating, intricate exploration from within the soul.

I was created by the all powerful God to fill the universe with my masterpieces.

Art is everywhere you look for it, hail the twinkling stars for they are God’s careless splatters.

You must study the Masters but guard the original style that beats within your soul and put to sword those who would try to steal it.

References and useful Resources

  1. totallyhistory.com
  2. britannica.com
  3. ownapainting.com

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